How can epicardial leads be fixed to the heart?

Epicardial leads can be fixed to the heart using a variety of methods including stab-in, screw-in, or suturing techniques. These methods provide stable and secure attachment of the leads to the epicardium, which is the outer layer of the heart wall.

The stab-in method involves inserting the lead through the myocardium into the epicardium, allowing for a direct connection that minimizes movement. The screw-in method uses threaded leads that engage with the heart tissue for stability, reducing the risk of dislodgement. Suturing is a straightforward mechanical method that involves stitching the lead to the heart tissue, ensuring a reliable and strong hold.

These techniques are vital in pacing procedures where stable lead placement is necessary for effective stimulation of cardiac function. Each method provides distinct advantages in terms of security, ease of placement, and the specific clinical scenario being addressed.